§1
Turabian 9: journal article (with DOI)
PATTERN
Surname, First, and First Surname. “Title of Article.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Year): pages. https://doi.org/xxxx.
FIRST FOOTNOTE
1. Hannah Jergas and Christopher Baethge, “Quotation Accuracy in Medical Journal Articles—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” PeerJ 3 (2015): e1364, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1364.
LATER (SHORT) NOTE
2. Jergas and Baethge, “Quotation Accuracy.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Jergas, Hannah, and Christopher Baethge. “Quotation Accuracy in Medical Journal Articles—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” PeerJ 3 (2015): e1364. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1364.
KEY RULES
- In notes, names run first name first and elements are separated by commas; in the bibliography, the first author is inverted and elements are separated by full stops.
- Article titles go in quotation marks in headline-style capitalisation; the journal name is italic.
- Notes list up to three authors; for four or more, give the first author followed by “et al.” The bibliography lists up to ten; for more than ten, list the first seven followed by “et al.”
§2
Turabian 9: book
PATTERN
Surname, First. Title of Book. Place: Publisher, Year.
FIRST FOOTNOTE
1. Jane A. Doe, Evidence and Argument in Student Research (London: Example University Press, 2021), 14.
LATER (SHORT) NOTE
2. Doe, Evidence and Argument, 14.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Doe, Jane A. Evidence and Argument in Student Research. London: Example University Press, 2021.
KEY RULES
- In a note, the place, publisher and year go in parentheses, followed by the page you cite.
- Book titles are italic and in headline-style capitalisation.
- Short notes use the author's surname, a shortened title (up to four words) and the page.
§3
Turabian 9: chapter in an edited book
PATTERN
Surname, First. “Title of Chapter.” In Title of Book, edited by First Surname and First Surname, pages. Place: Publisher, Year.
FIRST FOOTNOTE
1. Richard B. Roe, “Reading Statistics Critically,” in A Handbook of Research Methods, ed. Maria C. Sample and Lee D. Example (London: Example University Press, 2020), 52.
LATER (SHORT) NOTE
2. Roe, “Reading Statistics Critically,” 52.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Roe, Richard B. “Reading Statistics Critically.” In A Handbook of Research Methods, edited by Maria C. Sample and Lee D. Example, 45–67. London: Example University Press, 2020.
KEY RULES
- Notes abbreviate “edited by” to “ed.”; the bibliography spells it out.
- The bibliography gives the chapter's full page range; a note gives only the page cited.
§4
Turabian 9: web page
PATTERN
Surname, First. “Title of Page.” Name of Website, Month Day, Year. URL.
FIRST FOOTNOTE
1. Pat Q. Public, “How to Check That a Source Exists,” Example Research Hub, March 12, 2024, https://www.example.org/guides/check-a-source.
LATER (SHORT) NOTE
2. Public, “How to Check.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Public, Pat Q. “How to Check That a Source Exists.” Example Research Hub, March 12, 2024. https://www.example.org/guides/check-a-source.
KEY RULES
- The page title goes in quotation marks; the website's name is set in roman (not italic) unless it is also the name of a publication.
- Add an access date only when the page shows no publication or revision date.
§5
Turabian 9: report
PATTERN
Organisation. Title of Report. Place: Publisher, Year. URL.
FIRST FOOTNOTE
1. Example Institute for Education, Student Research Practices in Higher Education (London: Example Institute for Education, 2023), 8, https://www.example.org/reports/student-research-2023.
LATER (SHORT) NOTE
2. Example Institute for Education, Student Research Practices, 8.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Example Institute for Education. Student Research Practices in Higher Education. London: Example Institute for Education, 2023. https://www.example.org/reports/student-research-2023.
KEY RULES
- When an organisation is both author and publisher, it may be listed in both positions.
§6
Turabian 9: thesis or dissertation
PATTERN
Surname, First. “Title of Thesis.” PhD diss., University, Year.
FIRST FOOTNOTE
1. Alex B. Placeholder, “Peer Feedback and Revision in First-Year Writing” (PhD diss., Example University, 2022), 27.
LATER (SHORT) NOTE
2. Placeholder, “Peer Feedback,” 27.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Placeholder, Alex B. “Peer Feedback and Revision in First-Year Writing.” PhD diss., Example University, 2022.
KEY RULES
- Thesis and dissertation titles go in quotation marks, not italics, because they are unpublished.
- Use “master's thesis” in place of “PhD diss.” for a master's thesis.
§7
Turabian 9 footnotes
Put a superscript number in the text and the citation in a numbered footnote.
| In the text | …a pattern Doe describes in detail.¹ |
| First note | 1. Jane A. Doe, Evidence and Argument in Student Research (London: Example University Press, 2021), 14. |
| Later short note | 2. Doe, Evidence and Argument, 16. |
KEY RULES
- Note numbers go after punctuation, except dashes.
- After the first full note, use a short note: surname, short title, page.
§8
Common Turabian 9 mistakes
- Using bibliography punctuation in notes. Notes use commas and parentheses; the bibliography uses full stops.
- Inverting names in notes. Only the bibliography inverts the first author's name.
§9
Format a reference in Turabian 9
Our free in-browser formatter covers journal articles in six styles (APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago author-date, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver). Turabian 9 is one of the 2,500+ styles in the full MoreMind workspace.
Open the free formatter →NO ACCOUNT · RUNS IN YOUR BROWSER
§10
Turabian 9 questions
What's the difference between Turabian and Chicago?
Turabian adapts the Chicago Manual of Style for students writing papers, theses and dissertations. The 9th edition follows Chicago 17's citation rules and adds guidance on research and paper formatting.
Does Turabian have an author-date system?
Yes. Turabian offers notes-bibliography and author-date. Author-date matches Chicago author-date.
Does Turabian 9 match Chicago 18?
No. Turabian 9 (2018) follows Chicago 17. Chicago 18 (2024) changed some rules, so use the edition your course specifies.
Footnotes or endnotes?
Either is acceptable; footnotes are more common in student papers. Use one system throughout.
§11
About the examples
Every style guide on this site formats the same six sources, so you can compare styles side by side. The journal article is real; the others are fictional, with placeholder names.
- Journal article (with DOI) (real): Hannah Jergas and Christopher Baethge, “Quotation accuracy in medical journal articles—a systematic review and meta-analysis,” PeerJ, volume 3, article e1364, published 27 October 2015, DOI 10.7717/peerj.1364.
- Book: Jane A. Doe, Evidence and argument in student research, Example University Press, London, 2021.
- Chapter in an edited book: Richard B. Roe, “Reading statistics critically,” pages 45–67 of A handbook of research methods, edited by Maria C. Sample and Lee D. Example, Example University Press, London, 2020.
- Web page: Pat Q. Public, “How to check that a source exists,” Example Research Hub (London), published 12 March 2024, https://www.example.org/guides/check-a-source, accessed 15 October 2026.
- Report: Example Institute for Education (author and publisher, London), Student research practices in higher education, 2023, https://www.example.org/reports/student-research-2023, accessed 15 October 2026.
- Thesis or dissertation: Alex B. Placeholder, Peer feedback and revision in first-year writing, unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Education, Example University, London, 2022.
Based on the A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 9th edition. Last reviewed 2026-11. Your instructor's or journal's own guidelines take precedence. Spotted an error? Email support@moremind.ai.